tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34150159555962577262024-02-02T01:22:23.258-08:00Stolmar physicsAladarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04986028056806198103noreply@blogger.comBlogger2125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3415015955596257726.post-43000052703895942832016-02-24T04:09:00.001-08:002016-02-24T04:09:47.972-08:00Return to colliding atoms<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[Handout at IAU XXV General Assembly
July 13-26, 2003 Sydney, Australia 218 Symposia poster 488]</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A successful attempt to use the
ancient colliding elementary units to explain our observations is reported. The
regular arrangements of plastic collision events provide the basis for the
conservation or self-regeneration of photons and massive particles, bodies.</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The abundance of elements and isotopes follows
from their locations on the shells, formed by the collision events: more
regular collision path – more abundant element.</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A new fundamental parameter is being
proposed, the density of spontaneous collisions in the deep space. The
variations of this parameter – due to the presence of massive bodies – is shown
to result the effects described by the General Relativity. However, the
conclusion follows that the supernovae events limit the possibility of mass
concentration in a single system, and the galactic nuclei observations
explained as “super-massive black holes” must be caused by systems of neutron
stars instead. No black holes and there was no big bang, but the Hubble
redshift is a result of the conservation energy, consumed by the background
spontaneous collision field in exchange for conserving the collision system by
rearrangement of spontaneous collisions into regular systems.</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 15.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Introduction</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Last year in St. Petersburg I
presented [1,2] that o</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ur basis, the field of existence could be considered a
void space and a multitude of infinitely small and infinitely high speed
elementary building units, first beginnings being in it or flying through it.
Such an interpretation is equivalent to the pure existence, because there is no
place where we could be able to define any of these elements, ever. Now we see
a possibility of a higher level of existence, the existence with qualities: the
high speed vectors may collide and the place of the collisions is describable,
also the event of collision effects the direction of collided elementary
building units, therefore any next expected collisions will be effected by the
accomplished collision event itself.</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.3pt;">
<span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If th</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">is</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> interpretation
of the basis is correct, then all the objects are nothing else but the
progressions, chains of collision events. Two preceding collision events
through the change of directions of the </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">collided </span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">elementary
building units may cause a collision and serve as means of self-support for the
observable objects.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-right: 36.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Regular collision pattern systems</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.0pt;">
<span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The regular
collision systems are spherical surface objects constructed by continuous
collision path. The smallest collision path for the ability to self-sustain has
to contain two collisions, which is identified with the photons. The direction
change of colliding elements must show as an unwinding, energy loss of photons
during progression [Hubble redshift]. The simplest collision path element
distinguished by regularity is a hexagonal path in a plane. Tilting and
rotating that plane from one collision<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>to the other through each one in the plane until it returns to the start
gives a total number of collisions and a special shape of the spherical regular
object, comparable to the observations. The special shape is like a sphere with
two opposing hats cut off around 3/4 of the radius</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> [Figure 1]</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">it explains the density transition
layer of nuclei, observed. T</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">he number of elements in the shell is
calculated as N = 6 + 5*4 = 26. The same regularity can be continued enclosing
the hexagon in a twelve-sided polygon and rotate and tilt that plane the same
way, through each position</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, - and so on with increasing by doubling the number of
elements in the polygon in each consecutive shell.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: HU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: HU; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span lang="RU" style="color: #000066; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #000066; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Figure 1. Neutron or any Nuclei or large
Nucleus-type object, Neutron Star “Side View”</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.0pt;">
<span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A multi-layer
shell structure could be represented by the total elements, including one
central collision and the shells as above, with about the same distances
between</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
all</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> the collisions. Such regular structure with closed s
shells will contain N(s) elements, calculated as:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 27.0pt right 11.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<sub><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: HU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: HU; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></sub><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(1)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.0pt;">
<span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Assuming that
the electron is the s=1 closed shell object and its rest-mass corresponds to
the 27 collision events, calculated from equation (1), we obtain a tool which
could be used to calculate the number of collision elements from the rest-mass
of nuclei.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
– In [1] the </span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.000020317768226 amu = 1 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">collision </span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">element </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">was introduced. –</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Also, from
this geometry of objects follows that a new property will arise at the shell
six, because at that extent the initial hexagon could be inscribed between the
centre and the outer layer</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, meaning that the collision pattern could expand on
additional loops</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.3pt;">
<span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Comparing the
neutron and proton masses to the electron’s rest-mass we find that these have a
slightly larger number of collision elements then the closed sixth shell.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Strangely </span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">enough, a quite
regular number of elements is found in excess at the neutron, exactly </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">208 hexagons or </span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13 chains of 96
elements, or the polygon of the fifth shell, the one below the surface. The
proton reveals even more: it has 6 chains of 192</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">collisions </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">– or 192 hexagons –</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> plus 27
elements. The nucleus with a unit of charge shows the number of elements in an
electron as excess collisions… The same is repeated at the closing of the next
shell. The alpha particle or Helium-4 nucleus has 5 chains of 384 collisions
(shell seventh polygon) and 51 elements are missing. The extras </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">over eq. (1) for all shell closings </span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">could be
represented as </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 27.0pt right 11.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<sub><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: HU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: HU; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></sub><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>(2)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.3pt;">
<span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The remaining
after the chains elements </span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> are associated with the charge of the nuclei</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (+27 for Hydrogen 1 and – 51 for
Helium 4)</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. The decreasing number of chains with the increase of
shells indicates that the twelfth shell could not exist. In fact, the tenth
shell does not have a stable closing element since we find that the closing
nuclei of shells has the following masses:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-hyphenate: none; text-indent: -17.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><sub><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: HU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: HU; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></sub></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Which are: 1, 4, 16, 64 and ?256?)</span></b><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(3)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">he closing
elements of shells are the most abundant elements of Hydrogen, Helium, Oxygen</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> also</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the closing
nuclei of the Iron peak</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, a high mountain in the abundances </span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">– </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">are the</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Nickel 64 and
Zinc 64</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">W</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e already must
agree that this is a promising representation.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> In [1, 2] in detail shown the
correlation to the abundance of isotopes. More regular the collision system –
more abundant are the nuclei. In St. Petersburg</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I was</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> able to
represent on the same basis the gravitational deformation of 'space-time frame’
– in reality the increase of density of </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">spontaneous </span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">collision
events due to the direction change of colliding elements</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> in the mass-forming collisions</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> – and the
following from the same process Hubble redshift. Also I introduced a fit to the
observed neutron star masses and radiuses in the form of Daisy-petal graph</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, which is repeated here</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: HU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: HU; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.0pt;">
<span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Considering the
virtual mass density at the surface of a nuclear type object</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, modified by the mass present</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> we get an
equation defining the mass and radius of such objects (neutron stars):</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.3pt;">
<sub><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: HU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: HU; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></sub><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: HU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: HU; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></sub><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If we use in equation (4) zero for
the gravitational redshift we get the correlation describing the mass and
radius of nuclei of stabile isotopes of the regular chemical elements. The
221,164 multiplier is the ratio of nuclear density and the spontaneous
collision density of “empty” space, at the boundary of the nucleus – in our
case of neutron star – and the 3.65625 multiplier represents the truncated at
about 75% of radius quasi-spherical volume. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The spontaneous collision density
far from the massive bodies, in ‘empty’ space was defined in [1] and the
gravitational redshift is well defined, based on the GR and experiments:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.3pt;">
<sub><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: HU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: HU; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></sub><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>,<b> </b></span></sub><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><sub><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: HU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: HU; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></sub></b><b><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span></span></sub></b><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(5)</span></sub></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.0pt;">
<sub><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I also repeated the calculation to
solve equation (4) in a spread-sheet and here are the results.</span></sub></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: HU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: HU; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rearranging the equation (4) for X =
Square root of (M/R) and R separate variables makes the solution trivial. The
range of possible values of X was divided on 100 for the spreadsheet solution,
while the earlier program used input-defined fine steps (1000, or even 10,000).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What shall be concluded based on the
basis of mass and radius graph of large mass nucleus type objects built from
collision chain shells? It corresponds to our observations: there is a
well-defined range of mass and radius where all massive nuclei – neutron stars
- will fall. This range is under the maximum of mass, on the right side from
this maximum, between the maximum radius and maximum mass, but on the lower
part of the Daisy-petal curve, around 1.4 to 3 solar masses and around 15-18 km
radius. Just about right, where we found the majority of neutron stars is under
the peak of mass, around 1.4 solar masses and 15 km radius.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.0pt;">
<span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">proposed</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> fine shell
structure is built from polygons with sides of n=3*2<sup>i</sup> and the first
regular stabile object was found at the shell number calculated from the same
formula with I=1, or at the shell number six. Considering the found limitation
for the nuclear type objects around 6 solar masses it is reasonable to expect
the same formula to result in a series of regular shell numbers where the
nuclear type objects are expected to exist</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, between the chemical elements and
the maximum possible mass neutron star</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. The resulting shell numbers are 6,
12, 24, 48 and 96 for the start of the series. We saw at the chemical elements
– starting at shell 6 – that almost four shells – up to the ¾ of shell number
10 – produced the known elements. It makes understandable that the about </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.54</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e27 kg mass for
the 96 shells neutron star and star core nucleus is just the smallest possible</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> mass in the series,</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and the same
series extends to the 6 solar masses largest possible </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mass </span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">neutron star.
It just six shells more, or at the shell number 102, because the mass increases
four fold from shell to the next shell</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, and we already saw at the chemical elements that the
series extended on almost four shells</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.0pt;">
<span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The increased
density of collisions inside the stars and planets makes it necessary to
consider the generation of additional collision path systems or their parts,
increase of mass of the cores of stars and planets. The stars are known of
intense energy radiation rates and our Sun shows remarkable stability despite
that. There is evidence that the Sun shines the same way for billions of years,
losing 4.4e9 kg/s just for the radiated photons! This observed stability
necessitates the generation of the mass inside the Sun, which our collision
model predicted.</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The supernovae explosions are caused by the overgrow of
the core </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nuclide
– 96 shells series nuclear-type object – of </span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a star and
subsequent sudden separation and intense decay of 48, 24 and 12 shells series
of super-heavy nuclei layers</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> forms the spectacular planetary nebulae</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.0pt;">
<span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The triggering
event is shown by the Daisy-petal shaped </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">curve</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of neutron
star mass and radius.</span>
<span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After the mass of the core neutron star reaches 4.2 solar
masses (shell 101-102) the radius decreases with mass increase. The further
grows of core nucleus causes a separation of the 48 shells series layer of
elements from the single nucleus core element. It in turn causes a decrease in
the collision density in the boundary layer, triggering a drop </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">of core nucleus’ mass </span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">on</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">to</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> the lower </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">part of the </span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">curve with an
intense </span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-ray burst, amounting to about 4</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.5</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> solar masses</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> total mass loss of the core
nucleus, including fission and particle emissions</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. The radiation
pressure further pushes away the already separating and decaying layers,
blowing them away. The intense reduction of collision density intensifies the
decay, causing the observed radiation intensity curves of Supernovae. Even the
shapes</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of
Supernova Remnants (SNR)</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> copy the initial nuclear shape, for </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the demonstration of </span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">which here is
the Cat’s Eye nebula.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: HU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: HU; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The process of the transition from
the heavy nucleus of a massive star to a neutron star is an explosive one; it
releases in the form of photons intensive radiation and particle flux, a
mass-equivalent up to about four and a half Sun’s. At the same time, the
gravitational mass of the central object – nucleus – drops down about four
times, disturbing the gravitational equilibrium of the system. These two
components are only from the predicted by the shape of the Daisy-petal graph
mass-drop of the nucleus itself and we have to consider the decay of other
super-heavy nuclei series in the surrounding the nucleus layers, contributing
to the motion of the layers with jet effects. The explanation of the long term
intense shining of supernovae remnants will employ the 48 shells and smaller
super-heavy nuclei group’s decay, but the initial event itself could be explained
by the transition of central nucleus, seen on the Daisy-petal graphs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Neutron Star Properties</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We demonstrated that the return to
the colliding atoms representation resulted in an exact correlation between the
mass and radius of large nuclear type objects, which corresponds to the
observed neutron star radius and mass characteristics. It means that on the
surface of a neutron star there are no ordinary chemical elements, but from the
gaseous atmosphere around the neutron star there is a direct transition to the
nuclear density material, like in the nuclei of atoms. The two flat features on
the surface must result in different radiating properties – naturally, the
radiation is nuclear type, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-ray and particle (mostly neutron)
decay; and we should see two beacons – like as how we see the pulsars. Also, we
should see sudden </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-ray bursts when massive amount of
matter falls on the surface or at the transition of the entire neutron star
mass into a lower regularity order nuclear material. There could be decay
transitions of loosing the outer 102-nd through 97-th partial layers,
radioactive decay type or even fission type transitions, and finally – from 96
shell series to 48 shell series and down to the series of six shells chemical
elements, eventually. All these processes are predicted to be similar to the
radioactive isotope decay of chemical elements. A recycling down to planets,
through all kind of stellar phases is predicted, or the neutron stars could
form systems on a spherical shell as well. Pairs of neutron stars already
reported, and we can see the galactic nuclei as millions of neutron stars on a close
packed spherical shell.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Furthermore: we can even calculate
the shortest possible periods of pulsars from the consideration of rotation of
the surface chains of collisions with the local speed of light. Indeed it will
be the possible theoretical shortest period and the actual periods must be
several (hundred) times longer, because we assume a limited to one plane
rotation, but the comparison to the observations may reveal some new
regularities.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: HU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: HU; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The local speed of light is<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><sub><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: HU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: HU; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></sub><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>using for the calculation of gravitational
redshift the radius of the neutron star, and the period is calculated from the
length of a circular path with R radius, divided by this local speed of light.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: HU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: HU; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This
graph shows the range of the gravitational redshift, including the traditional
erratic so-called GR redshift for the normal radius and for the seen on the
Figure 1 flat feature. The yellow line is from GR and the blue line shows the
flat surface center area gravitational redshift. It could be viewed as prediction.
If the redshift radius relation would fall on the yellow line or values above
the z=0.6 would show-up it would falsify my representation; on the other hand
if a rotating neutron star turns the flats toward us time to time we should be
able to detect the variations in the redshift of characteristic spectral
features and compare with the predictions, here. A max. radius neutron star
would vary the redshift between 0.3 and 0.4, for example.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Indeed the Doppler from the rotation is
superimposed on gravitational redshift.)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">We </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">can</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> represent on
the same basis the gravitational deformation of 'space-time frame’ – in reality
the increase of density of </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">spontaneous </span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">collision events due to the direction
change of colliding elements</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> in the mass-forming collisions</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">general theory of relativity
predicted space-time frame deformation</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of the field can be represented as the
increase of density of spontaneous collisions. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt right 11.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<sub><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: HU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: HU; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></sub><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(6)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A gravitational
pull force could be expressed between m<sub>1</sub> larger mass body and m<sub>2</sub>
smaller mass orbiting the larger at r distance with v<sub>2</sub> tangential
velocity body:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt right 11.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<sub><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: HU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: HU; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></sub><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Three large
mass neutron star samples (‘normal’, max mass and max radius) of changing
fundamental parameters</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> in the space surrounding the neutron star,</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and pull force
for a small body with insignificant orbital velocity are shown on the following
graphs:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</div>
<span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection2">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: HU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: HU; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: HU; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: HU; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-right: 36.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: HU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: HU; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><b><span lang="RU" style="color: navy; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Figure </span></b><span style="color: navy; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: HU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Hiba! A könyvjelző nem létezik.</span><b><span lang="RU" style="color: navy; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
Graphs of ‘space-time frame’ deformations</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The decrease of pull force near the
surface of the large core nucleus/neutron star is indicative of the triggering
of supernovae. The distance of the closest to the core layer has to increase
due to the pull force decrease at the time when the core approaches its maximum
mass and the radius decreases with the increase of mass. It lowers the
collision density near the surface of the core causing the sudden decay to the
lower part of the Daisy-petal graph. It also must have a key role in organizing
the neutron star systems: when two neutron stars approach each other too close,
the pull force decreases, forcing them to find an equilibrium distance somewhat
further away from each other. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Daisy-petal graph itself shows a
limitation of compact massive bodies mass at six solar masses. We have
observations of the galactic centers, indicating million times as large compact
massive bodies. However the pull force decrease for maximum mass neutron stars
shows a possibility of forming stabile neutron star systems. Very large,
million member compact neutron star systems can form as spherical systems of
neutron stars and show the properties of galactic centers, all of them
including the AGN’s as well.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 17.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -17.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Conclusions</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.0pt;">
<span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is shown
here that the </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">return
to the ancient representation of colliding atoms correlate well with our
observations of neutron stars. </span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The variations of the density of
spontaneous collisions in the deep space – due to the presence of massive
bodies – is shown to result the effects described by the General Relativity.
However, the conclusion follows that the supernovae events limit the
possibility of mass concentration in a single system</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> at about six solar masses</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, and the
galactic nuclei observations explained as “super-massive black holes” must be
caused by systems of neutron stars instead. No black holes and there was no big
bang, but the Hubble redshift is a result of the conservation energy, consumed
by the background spontaneous collision field in exchange for conserving the collision
system by rearrangement of spontaneous collisions into regular systems. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RU; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">he brightest
evidence are the supernovae events.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 3.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-transform: uppercase;">references</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 4.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -11.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[1]<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Return
to colliding atoms, Aladar Stolmar 2002 Physics Congress <u><span style="color: blue;">http://www.physical-congress.spb.ru/2002en.asp </span></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 4.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -11.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>or
at </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://stolmarphysics.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://stolmarphysics.com/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 4.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -11.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[2]<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Super-heavy
nuclei in the cores of planets and stars, Aladar Stolmar 2002 Physics Congress <u><span style="color: blue;">http://www.physical-congress.spb.ru/2002en.asp</span></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 4.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -11.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>or
at </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://stolmarphysics.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://stolmarphysics.com/</span></a></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></u></div>
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Aladarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04986028056806198103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3415015955596257726.post-1336777514915656482009-09-30T23:23:00.000-07:002009-10-01T00:04:07.496-07:00On Bullshit in Physics<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#0000EE;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-decoration: underline;"><br /></span></span></div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZziYT62d9Au66djRj4mqQnUaY95jXViLQSP_fXdkla1lr4r7H6inqFEnMHh9xuAiDzxKQQToyc1b2jY4W_K3Aar4O7cloPsRwYuhBLjokFx3Z39Mz8tTgldC0Ej7BaBpDeRz2byACEmw/s1600-h/Dia1.JPG"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZziYT62d9Au66djRj4mqQnUaY95jXViLQSP_fXdkla1lr4r7H6inqFEnMHh9xuAiDzxKQQToyc1b2jY4W_K3Aar4O7cloPsRwYuhBLjokFx3Z39Mz8tTgldC0Ej7BaBpDeRz2byACEmw/s320/Dia1.JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5387519521106918866" /></a><br /><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center;line-height:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-no-proof:yes;font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:Georgia, serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">"As conscious being, we exist only in response to other things, and we cannot know ourselves at all without knowing them"</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"> Harry G. Frankfurt: <span class="Char"><span style="Times New Roman"font-family:";">On Bullshit</span></span></span></span></span></p> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt;"><br /></span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="Times New Roman"font-family:";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <h2><a name="_Toc218826171"><span lang="EN-US">Table of Contents</span></a></h2> <p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops:right dotted 209.9pt"><!--[if supportFields]><span lang="EN-US" style="'font-family:"><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span><span style="'mso-spacerun:yes'"> </span>TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u <span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span><![endif]--><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-no-proof:yes"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Aladar/Dokumentumok/sztik%209-4-24/bullshit/On%20Bullshit%20in%20Physics.doc#_Toc218826171">Table of Contents<span style=" display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1 dotted">. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span></span><span style="'display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;color:windowtext;"> PAGEREF _Toc218826171 \h </span><span style="';color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span><![endif]--><span style="display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;">3</span><span style="display:none; mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310038003800320036003100370031000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="';color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-no-proof:yesfont-family:";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops:right dotted 209.9pt"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-no-proof:yes"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Aladar/Dokumentumok/sztik%209-4-24/bullshit/On%20Bullshit%20in%20Physics.doc#_Toc218826172">The Atom Bomb<span style="display:none; mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1 dotted">.. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span></span><span style="'display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;color:windowtext;"> PAGEREF _Toc218826172 \h </span><span style="';color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span><![endif]--><span style="display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;">7</span><span style="display:none; mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310038003800320036003100370032000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="';color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-no-proof:yesfont-family:";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops:right dotted 209.9pt"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-no-proof:yes"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Aladar/Dokumentumok/sztik%209-4-24/bullshit/On%20Bullshit%20in%20Physics.doc#_Toc218826173">List of Bullshit in Physics<span style=" display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1 dotted">. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span></span><span style="'display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;color:windowtext;"> PAGEREF _Toc218826173 \h </span><span style="';color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span><![endif]--><span style="display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;">9</span><span style="display:none; mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310038003800320036003100370033000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="';color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-no-proof:yesfont-family:";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops:right dotted 209.9pt"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-no-proof:yes"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Aladar/Dokumentumok/sztik%209-4-24/bullshit/On%20Bullshit%20in%20Physics.doc#_Toc218826174">The Myth of Big Bang and Expanding Universe<span style="display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span></span><span style="'display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;color:windowtext;"> PAGEREF _Toc218826174 \h </span><span style="';color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span><![endif]--><span style="display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;">11</span><span style="display:none; mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310038003800320036003100370034000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="';color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-no-proof:yesfont-family:";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops:right dotted 209.9pt"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-no-proof:yes"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Aladar/Dokumentumok/sztik%209-4-24/bullshit/On%20Bullshit%20in%20Physics.doc#_Toc218826175">The Black Hole Saga<span style=" display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1 dotted">.. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span></span><span style="'display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;color:windowtext;"> PAGEREF _Toc218826175 \h </span><span style="';color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span><![endif]--><span style="display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;">16</span><span style="display:none; mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310038003800320036003100370035000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="';color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-no-proof:yesfont-family:";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops:right dotted 209.9pt"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-no-proof:yes"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Aladar/Dokumentumok/sztik%209-4-24/bullshit/On%20Bullshit%20in%20Physics.doc#_Toc218826176">Return to Colliding Atoms<span style=" display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1 dotted">. </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span></span><span style="'display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;color:windowtext;"> PAGEREF _Toc218826176 \h </span><span style="';color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span><![endif]--><span style="display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;">26</span><span style="display:none; mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310038003800320036003100370036000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="';color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-no-proof:yesfont-family:";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops:right dotted 209.9pt"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-no-proof:yes"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Aladar/Dokumentumok/sztik%209-4-24/bullshit/On%20Bullshit%20in%20Physics.doc#_Toc218826177">Composite Atom Bullshit<span style=" display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1 dotted"> </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span></span><span style="'display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;color:windowtext;"> PAGEREF _Toc218826177 \h </span><span style="';color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span><![endif]--><span style="display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;">32</span><span style="display:none; mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310038003800320036003100370037000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="';color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-no-proof:yesfont-family:";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" style="tab-stops:right dotted 209.9pt"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-no-proof:yes"><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Aladar/Dokumentumok/sztik%209-4-24/bullshit/On%20Bullshit%20in%20Physics.doc#_Toc218826178">The Math of Bullshit<span style=" display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1 dotted"> </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span></span><span style="'display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;color:windowtext;"> PAGEREF _Toc218826178 \h </span><span style="';color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span><![endif]--><span style="display:none;mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none; text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;">35</span><span style="display:none; mso-hide:screen;text-decoration:none;text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200310038003800320036003100370038000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="';color:windowtext;"><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span></span><![endif]--></a></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-Times New Roman";mso-no-proof:yesfont-family:";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><!--[if supportFields]><span lang="EN-US" style="'font-family:"><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="Times New Roman"font-family:";"><br /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"> <span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:18.0pt;">"</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:18.0pt; mso-bidi-line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">B</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">ullshit is unavoidable whenever circumstances require someone to talk without knowing what he is talking about</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">" [page 66] and since the physics subject matter includes everything, the much smaller and much larger than ourselves reality as well, there always will be unknown. Nobody will ever really know what he is talking about regarding the galaxies or the nuclear structures; therefore the Physics always will have some bullshit. The question only how much bullshit is in the physics and which teachings of the Physics or Natural Philosophy are questionable, not real reflections of reality, just bullshit. We will talk about three different things: possible correct reflection, most likely wrong, erratic reflection of reality and bullshit (defined by Frankfurt).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">The groundbreaking work of Harry G. Frankfurt made me realize that my own earlier characterization of today's physics as a pile of non-sense or lies is mistaken. It is just bullshit: short of lie, not necessarily deliberate misrepresentation. This realization calmed my anger and now with cold head I can make a case for a long overdue tabula rasa. Let's return to Natural Philosophy as Isaac Newton defined it - or go all the way back to Lucretius to describe the Nature of Things, because what we are taken in by – that is just plain Bullshit! <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">The more sensational it is the more likely that it is just bullshit, and the worst kind of it, the most likely wrong reflection of reality. The erratic nature of science is being covered by the drummed-up sensation. I will try to contribute to the theoretical understanding of bullshit by describing the development of such commonly spread bullshit like Big Bang origin and expansion of Universe - yes, both bullshit - and I will try to point out the role of secrecy in the development and wide sreading of bullshit.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">In a humble attempt to further our knowledge I will describe a possible correct reflection of reality as well. The long neglected Atomic Theory as I see it. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <h2><a name="_Toc218826172"><span lang="EN-US">The Atom Bomb</span></a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">It is quite understandable that in the course of development of first nuclear weapons the dominating role of the developer nation had to be preserved by keeping the scientific knowledge secret. When some non-participant physicist got on right track, they had to be deceived. So the Hydrogen bomb, Hydrogen fusion was offered. Unfortunately one picked it up so successfully that within weeks the – bullshit – nucleo-synthesis was introduced fueling the stars and generating all the nuclei. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">There is a problem still: one can not tell the truth about the fact that two Hydrogen nuclei - protons - never fuse without being pressured to reveal the truth about the thermonuclear weapons. The bullshit is being spread as science: solar - stellar energetic process, nucleo-synthesis. The real winner in my eyes is the Big Bang nucleo-synthesis: at this point one just had to make an inventory and whatever is wrong with the fusion based nucleo-synthesis is simply fixed by adding at the creation! Let's call it primordial - just for a bigger pile of bullshit!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">The quest for the Higgs bozons started with a joke. Now the most expensive machine ever built, the LHC in CERN will try to collide protons as a triumph of bullshit… <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <h2><a name="_Toc218826173"><span lang="EN-US">List of Bullshit in Physics</span></a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Before I'm carried away I shall give a list of bullshit analyzed here: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-US" style="Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">1 Big bang creation of Universe <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-US" style="Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">2 Expanding Universe <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-US" style="Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">3 Black holes <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-US" style="Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">4 Stellar nucleo-synthesis based on proton-proton fusion <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-US" style="Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">5 Composite atom - nuclei of the atoms of chemical elements composed of protons and neutrons (or now by quarks and gluons)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-US" style="Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">6 Dark matter, dark energy – (Why are you torturing me?!) <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-US" style="Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">7 Quarks and gluons as stand alone bullshit <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-US" style="Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">8 Strings, brains and the likes<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-US" style="Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">9 Iron core of Earth <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="NoSpacing"><span lang="EN-US" style="Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">And just to represent a contrast to the false bullshit, here is one bonus, most likely true: Global warming... <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">I selected these key points from Harry G. Frankfurt On Bullshit: "bullshit is a greater enemy of the truth then lies are" - [page 61] "It is just this lack of concern with truth – this indifference to how things really are - that I regard as of the essence of bullshit" [pages 33-34] <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">We will be guided by these definitions when analyzing one or other sensational scientific finding – and will define the things which are not concerned with as how they really are. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <h2><a name="_Toc218826174"><span lang="EN-US">The Myth of Big Bang and Expanding Universe</span></a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">I read somewhere a statement sounding like: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">“One thing we know for sure that the Universe was smaller and hotter in the past” - and it still upsets me. The truth is that Edwin Hubble was an honest scientist. He discovered that there are other galaxies besides our Milky Way by comparing the sizes of holes burned in the photographic plates by light from Cepheid variables. He compared this technique with another research tool, the than new spectroscopy - and found a correlation between the sizes of holes - at the time he used it as a measure of distance - and the shifting of spectral lines - which was used to measure relative to us velocities of the stars. He reported his finding that the red shift of spectral lines increased with the decrease of sizes of the holes burned in the photographic plates as he dealt with these two techniques: the apparent recession velocity of the galaxies increases proportionally to their distances from us. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">From this honest report two major bullshit were secreted almost instantly: the Universe expands with the galaxies flying apart with proportional to their distances to us velocities, and - hence - some time ago they all had to be together, therefore a Big Bang happened in the beginning, what 'created the Universe'. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">The alternative - simple - explanation that the photons lose their energy proportionally to the distance they travel - favored by Edwin Hubble himself(!) - was - still is - being fought with furry. Thanks to </span><st1:place><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Frankfurt</span></st1:place><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">'s work now I understand why. Even mentioning the alternative reveals the fact that who talks about this phenomenon does not know what the photons are and therefore he is in an unavoidable situation, has to bullshit! As long as we learn what the photons are and if they really lose their energy while progressing through the empty space or not - the necessity of bullshit stays! <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">These two major bullshit in the Physics are demonstrate also the first cited statement of Frankfurt: "bullshit is a greater enemy of the truth then lies are". There is evidence that the research which would resolve this question whether the photon looses its energy during progression through empty space – or it is permanent, omnipresent, unchangeable as resulting from the Big Bang, Expanding Universe theories (bullshit) is being blocked by the bullshiters. Considerable funds are spent on the multiple Big Bangs and mushrooming universes but nothing on the so-called tired light, not much even on pure photon investigation. We even know that the photons change – but we disregard that when we are in astrophysics!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">The smearing of these bullshit on Hubble is such a disgrace that I cannot pass by without trying to clear his name and honor him as the greatest astronomer of all times! <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Somehow it is common: the bullshiters need an honest scientist to point to as the initial secretor of their favored bullshit. And they go considerable distances from the truth in order to find one… It is demonstrated by using the name of Hubble, Einstein and in the next chapter, Schwarzchild.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h2><a name="_Toc218826175"><span lang="EN-US">The Black Hole Saga</span></a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Let's look at the Black Holes. It was blamed on Schwarzchild - until his original papers were published in English on the internet. In these he specifically stated that the collapse of large mass below a critical volume must be accomplished with an energy-mass loss, therefore such animals (called later black holes) should not exist. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">I don't want to know who secreted this bullshit. It is a typical representation of "this lack of connection to a concern with truth". As we see, the concern at the real honest scientists still existed - Hubble, Einstein, Schwarzchild - but later some aspiring shameless epigones twisted their findings into bullshit. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">We still have no idea what is this substantial quality of things what we call mass – expressing the inertial and gravitational properties of things – and is there a limit what maximum mass density can exist. Again, like at the photons, if we assume that any large – infinite – density is possible (like infinite unchanged life of photons for the big bang), then we get a strange animal, black hole. However, in reality this just points to the lack of understanding of mass and photons – and of philosophical term, determination of infinity. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">We shall understand the infinity as the assigning any quality to an object disregard of their real presence, and by assigning the quantity of infinity we deny the very quality assigned, allowing so the comparison, description of groups, which has entirely different members, and still being somewhat truthful. And this technique is a very useful tool, no argument there!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Indeed there is a very significant knowledge of what mass what space occupies! And surprisingly it points to a constant: the nuclear mass density. If combine this density with the Einstein described space-time deformation by the presence of mass – using the quantity of gravitational potential -, then we arrive to an interesting graph, showing surprising predictions about the possible mass and radius connection, already verified by supernovae and resulting neutron star observations! And this graph peaks at around six solar masses, with a clear indication of gamma-ray burst energy outputs – between the top and bottom portions of the curve – and resulting neutron star mass and radius expectations.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 55px;font-size:-webkit-xxx-large;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 55px;font-size:-webkit-xxx-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; font-size:16px;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ_JPsUgCEG6X5aeJVX7YtCRwtSfqdCxrZ4mgGhQi1cz2qYMPjBh0i1qwv0E5w3U7AfXUGLLkMpOa8hUrLRH97meakYHUoNGUeGQamEB79hlolPlPmEpMh7N-jAG6C83J8Udq__UkmzzE/s1600-h/Dia2.JPG"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ_JPsUgCEG6X5aeJVX7YtCRwtSfqdCxrZ4mgGhQi1cz2qYMPjBh0i1qwv0E5w3U7AfXUGLLkMpOa8hUrLRH97meakYHUoNGUeGQamEB79hlolPlPmEpMh7N-jAG6C83J8Udq__UkmzzE/s320/Dia2.JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5387521157871978194" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px; " /></a></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">In this equation the nuclear density is expressed through a background density and multiplication factor </span><span lang="EN-US" style=" line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol;font-size:12.0pt;">r</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">m<sub>f</sub> and the truncated shape of nuclei is considered through the replacement of 4 on a smaller value in the volume calculation.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-27.0pt"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 55px;font-size:-webkit-xxx-large;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:-27.0pt"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 55px;font-size:-webkit-xxx-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; font-size:16px;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmN0B35U_h3ZmaD74Tfm54WbBxVNhSwC4gwuOxsUkVnS_YRmPiRqc76udkSFtuCGD8kENvGr73y27KT7YzvoA9fUWHiq8fxWFI9ScGZW4bgbYacVeunMTw0jf-HKCjojlMmZF4mrGF-IE/s1600-h/Dia3.JPG"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmN0B35U_h3ZmaD74Tfm54WbBxVNhSwC4gwuOxsUkVnS_YRmPiRqc76udkSFtuCGD8kENvGr73y27KT7YzvoA9fUWHiq8fxWFI9ScGZW4bgbYacVeunMTw0jf-HKCjojlMmZF4mrGF-IE/s320/Dia3.JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5387521508327805154" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px; " /></a></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">“Supermassive black holes reside in the center of each galaxy” - announces this bullshit the government body, dedicated to further our knowledge, NASA ... Well, the improved observation techniques provide the evidence: there is a very large number (remaining at our subject matter I shall say: a shit-load) of neutron stars buzz around the galactic center of the Milky Way! Also, an understanding of the works of gravitational interactions between closely packed neutron stars (and I'm not asking too much, hence the idol, Albert Einstein pointed out the effect of gravitational field on everything) predicts the formation of very large systems of neutron stars. It shows all the observed characteristics, and shows no need for the nonsense of black holes. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">I've been barked at on an international conference when I asked about the distinctive characteristics, which would allow us to find out is there a super-massive black hole or there is a large system of neutron stars? The bullshiters decided ages ago that there must be a black hole, there is no place for such questions! <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">The spreading, repeating the bullshit must have some economic incentives behind, as driving force. Indeed there are! One has to pledge allegiance to the big bang to get funding from NASA or defend vehemently the "standard model" to get on tenure tract. This buzz world of standard model was introduced to cover-up the insufficient knowledge – necessity of bullshit – and to be able to spread rumors: 'He (She) has no respect for standard model, must be an idiot!' – about just about anyone who shows some interest in the truth. Please note: the so called standard model does not deal with mass, like it would not be the most fundamental property of particles or heavenly objects! <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">I already lamented about the stellar energetic process, Hydrogen (proton-proton) fusion based nucleo-synthesis bullshit. I really should not tell the truth about it. When we all grow-up and stop killing each other than we will be able to talk about it freely. For now let just say that an equilibrium state on a very large – cosmic – scale could be resulted from a decay-based energetic process. In the Atomic Theory there is a series of super-massive nuclei is considered from the known chemical elements up to all the way to the neutron stars with a maximum mass of about six solar masses (as shown on the graph above). Indeed the evidence of neutron stars, supernovae, gamma-ray bursts all follows from this probably true reflection. In the core of the Earth, in the Sun, the super-massive nuclei decay into the chemical elements we know as they float-up to near the surface. The so called CME (Coronal Mass Ejection) is a great evidence for the decay of 4096 amu super-heavy nuclei decay in an explosive manner. A more detailed investigation of the resulting isotopic composition of the solar wind produced using the meteor compositions as a comparison would be needed. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Do I know what I'm talking about or this is just an other bullshit?! You just have to believe me I'm really concerned with the truths! <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Correction! I'm so concerned with the truths that I ask everyone not to believe me! Try to find a contradicting fact, please! <o:p></o:p></span></p> <h2><a name="_Toc218826176"><span lang="EN-US">Return to Colliding Atoms</span></a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">I hope this illustrates the difficulties arising from secrecy or in general the difficulties with physics dealing with much larger or much smaller things then us. Without revealing the details allowing anyone to create dangerous weapons I have to ask you to believe me. But I could be a bullshitter, or even a liar who wants to deceive you! And may be I just want to make you a bullshitter. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">May be we just have to live with the bullshit instead of Natural Philosophy until we all grow-up. The spreading of nuclear weapons and the ever-increasing danger of self-destruction may prevent us to tell the truth. Ever. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">There is another alternative. We can present one coherent representation, which results in a true reflection without touching the parts leading to the dangerous weapons. But how we know that it really connected to the reality? May be we have to go all the way back and redefine all of our words used to reflect the reality. We reflect the reality existing. The very existence is a reflection of void and things; the things have properties, distinct from nothing. Should we include in a property-less, pure existing first beginning? As Lucretius called these no-things, elementary units of existence? Or Atoms as Democritus called them? Which fly with infinite velocity, has infinitely small extent in space, they are always and everywhere, omnipresent – and omnipotent? Constructing everything of their collisions? <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">The smallest elements of everything are collision events between the first beginnings or atoms? The unit of mass is a collision event always present in a given thing? The time fundamental property could be the fact that the collision events change, they are being replaced by new collisions? The measure of time is the comparison of phases when a selected relative collision arrangement is returned? The space denotes the fact that the things are constructed of collision events? Since the first beginnings, atoms may change their directions in the collisions - some plasticity must exist in order to account for the observed causality - two prior connected collisions define a trajectory of a first beginning. And two such first beginnings constitute a collision event therefore the next collision events could be defined in a system of collisions – leading to a self-reconstruction, self-preservation. This very mechanism is also an explanation of the three dimensions of space, observed. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 55px;font-size:-webkit-xxx-large;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 55px;font-size:-webkit-xxx-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; font-size:16px;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIbekV_vq8yrj-yzvey7eaM9xDacShye1yhEU_HhOa-0KlfOWJUXhtVNs3UpZBBKBWzCaOFDyh_TivWF-3Q9mSRqjz32cbC1Hbyz4b3YYOmCmlB-NIDVGgMqS16Sp46QJY0WqRMC5kwdI/s1600-h/Dia4.JPG"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIbekV_vq8yrj-yzvey7eaM9xDacShye1yhEU_HhOa-0KlfOWJUXhtVNs3UpZBBKBWzCaOFDyh_TivWF-3Q9mSRqjz32cbC1Hbyz4b3YYOmCmlB-NIDVGgMqS16Sp46QJY0WqRMC5kwdI/s320/Dia4.JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5387521797036389026" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px; " /></a></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:18.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Regular collision systems are the electrons, neutrons, nuclei of atoms starting with Hydrogen and extending all the way to the neutron stars. The difference of photons from such massive systems is only the fact that the elements of photons not always present in the system. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Could a special geometry of collision system effect a part of itself to eliminate a collision event or a whole electron and start a new life with the unwinding of DNA? <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Could our thoughts be new creations of collision events? <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Am I bullshitting or telling the truth? I'm not sure. I know that by going back to the basics and redefining the fundamental concepts of space, time and mass and reinterpreting the concept of infinity I must have gotten closer to the truth. Did I miss something? <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Will you accept this as Physics or will you stay with the bullshit as sold to you? Even if you know that it is most likely bullshit and not true, not even concerned with truth? The indifference of general public comes in play: “It's over my head! - I don't care! - What's in it for me?!” <o:p></o:p></span></p> <h2><a name="_Toc218826177"><span lang="EN-US">Composite Atom Bullshit</span></a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">That little side-tract I had to take before introducing the bullshit of composite atom. It came from experiments of nucleus destruction: When bombarded, the nuclei of atoms may release - besides the most common photons - electrons, alpha-particles or nuclei of Helium 4 and neutrons or sometimes even protons or Hydrogen 1 nuclei. Indeed all the observations of nuclei indicate that there is a homogenous nucleus inside of every atom, but one needed to secret this bullshit about the nuclei being composed of neutrons and protons - just because the bullshit was unavoidable! It led to major problems, the necessity of a pile of bullshit like negative binding energy, quarks and gluons nonsense, still it lives on for over a century now! <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Since the quantum mechanics went far from representing the reality – "It is just this lack of concern with truth – this indifference to how things really are – that I regard as of the essence of bullshit" – it opened the flood gates before such nonsense as dark matter and dark energy. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">The dark matter was introduced to account for the galactic velocity distribution. If we assume that the good old Newtonian gravitational constant is universal and constant everywhere - contradicting in turn to the very principle discovered by Albert Einstein that the mass present deforms the space in its surroundings -, then there is a need to add substantial amount of gravitating mass to the galaxies to model the velocity distribution. Once that leap was made - anything goes! The nonsense of non-baryonic dark matter was floated and followed closely by dark energy. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Indeed the observed velocity distribution could be achieved by modifying the gravitational constant, as expected from the Einstein discovered effect of mass present. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Once a nonsense is introduced by bullshiter it is very hard to get rid of it. Even </span><st1:city><st1:place><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Newton</span></st1:place></st1:city><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"> had a hard time to fight the epicycle bullshit... <o:p></o:p></span></p> <h2><a name="_Toc218826178"><span lang="EN-US">The Math of Bullshit</span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">The problem becomes almost un-solvable when the bullshit is introduced as a mathematical solution. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">The dark matter dark energy points to a mathematical blunder of Einstein himself and the introduction of gluon and quarks provided a disguise for the pure mathematical representation, claiming that these are the "real" carriers of quantum numbers... <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Once the mathematical exercise showed some results in describing the real observed responses the concern over the validity of claims related to the elements of mathematical representation was suppressed. Hence the name Standard Model was introduced and is being worshipped by bullshiters. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Recently there is a fight between the experimentalists at Brookhaven National Laboratory and the theoretical physicists. The results of heavy ion collision experiments do not support the Standard Model - but the theoretical physicists always can add another parameter (Higgs boson expectation) and fudge their equations! <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">As we see, math is an excellent tool for bullshiters. Dark matter, dark energy, magnetars, quarks and gluons, strings (super) and brains all introduced and supported by elegant - bullshit - math. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Before we get too depressed seeing the sea of false reflections of bullshit physics threatening to drown us lets cheer-up on the bonus bullshit of global warming! <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">When the observed atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration became clearly effected by human activity (burning of fossil fuel to produce electricity) some felt the need to drum-up support for preventive measures by introducing a doomsday scenario of runaway greenhouse effect and global warming. This is bullshit because one was talking without really knowing what he was talking about simply because the Planet Earth is so complex that its responses could not be predicted. Yes, the increase of carbon dioxide concentration in the Earth's atmosphere is real, the recent increase is caused by the burning of earlier sequestered carbon containing fossil fuels like natural gas, oil and coal. The concerned scientists could avoid the bullshit by reporting only the facts and not going into telling prophecies! <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:16.0pt;">Why is this urge in physics to bullshit? <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-indent:27.0pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style=" line-height:115%;Times New Roman"font-family:";font-size:16.0pt;">It is simply unavoidable... <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>Aladarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04986028056806198103noreply@blogger.com0